Free Essays on T-score Statistics

Introduction Technological advances in augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) have provided a â€Å"voice† to many people through various devices. This voice has been hypothesized to provide greater benefit then traditional communication board or word processing programs. However augmentative communication devices have not traditionally been used with children who are autistic. Various studies have estimated that 25% to 61% of children with autism remain essentially non speaking (Weitz, Dexter, & Moore, 1997). Children with autism have been subjected to many different treatment approaches to the disorder. In fact, when one reviews the literature, there appears to be as many different treatments as there are individuals with autism. Children with autism are subjected to an enormous variety of educational and therapeutic interventions (Heflin & Simson, 1998). One particularly promising, beneficial tool for learners in general and for persons with developmental disabilities is computer technology. Use of computers for communication and learning may provide consistency, motivation, opportunities for independence, and individualized instruction ( Heimann, Nelson, Tjus, & Gillberg, 1995). However, computer technology is rarely used by individuals with autism. Why are individuals with autism typically not given the opportunity to use computer technology? Is it because the deficits in autism are not amenable with computer technology as in contrast to cerebral palsy a motor-speech impairment? This notion is too weakly supported in the literature to be used as a rationale for not introducing computer technology to individuals with autism. To not give individuals with autism access to computer technology may be ill advised in light of the success of computer based methods in promoting communicational gains in individuals with other developmental disabilities such as mental retardation (Romski &Sevcik, 1993). The research does... Free Essays on T-score Statistics Free Essays on T-score Statistics Introduction Technological advances in augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) have provided a â€Å"voice† to many people through various devices. This voice has been hypothesized to provide greater benefit then traditional communication board or word processing programs. However augmentative communication devices have not traditionally been used with children who are autistic. Various studies have estimated that 25% to 61% of children with autism remain essentially non speaking (Weitz, Dexter, & Moore, 1997). Children with autism have been subjected to many different treatment approaches to the disorder. In fact, when one reviews the literature, there appears to be as many different treatments as there are individuals with autism. Children with autism are subjected to an enormous variety of educational and therapeutic interventions (Heflin & Simson, 1998). One particularly promising, beneficial tool for learners in general and for persons with developmental disabilities is computer technology. Use of computers for communication and learning may provide consistency, motivation, opportunities for independence, and individualized instruction ( Heimann, Nelson, Tjus, & Gillberg, 1995). However, computer technology is rarely used by individuals with autism. Why are individuals with autism typically not given the opportunity to use computer technology? Is it because the deficits in autism are not amenable with computer technology as in contrast to cerebral palsy a motor-speech impairment? This notion is too weakly supported in the literature to be used as a rationale for not introducing computer technology to individuals with autism. To not give individuals with autism access to computer technology may be ill advised in light of the success of computer based methods in promoting communicational gains in individuals with other developmental disabilities such as mental retardation (Romski &Sevcik, 1993). The research does...

Definition and Discussion of Lexical-Function Grammar

Definition and Discussion of Lexical-Function Grammar In linguistics, lexical-functional grammar is a model of grammar that provides a framework for examining both morphological structures and syntactic structures. Also known as  psychologically realistic grammar. David W. Carroll notes that the major significance of lexical-functional grammar is the shunting of most of the explanatory burden onto the lexicon and away from transformational rules (Psychology of Language, 2008). The first collection of papers on the theory of lexical-functional grammar (LFG)Joan Bresnans The Mental Representation of Grammatical Relationswas published in 1982. In the years since, notes Mary Dalrymple, the growing body of work within the LFG framework has shown the advantages of an explicitly formulated, non-transformational approach to syntax, and the influence of this theory has been extensive (Formal Issues in Lexical-Functional Grammar). Examples and Observations In LFG, the structure of a sentence consists of two distinct formal objects: C[onstituent]-structure of the familiar kind plus a functional structure (or F-structure) which displays certain additional kinds of information. Most important in the F-structure is the labeling of grammatical relations like subject and object (these are called grammatical functions in LFG).The first part of the name reflects the fact that a great deal of work is done by the lexical entries, the dictionary part of the framework. Lexical entries are usually rich and elaborate, and each one inflected from a lexical item (such as write, writes, wrote, written and writing) has its own lexical entry. Lexical entries are responsible for dealing with many relations and processes handled by different machinery in other frameworks; an example is the voice contrast between actives and passives.(Robert Lawrence Trask and Peter Stockwell, Language and Linguistics: The Key Concepts, 2nd ed. Routledge, 2007)Different Kin ds of StructuresA natural language utterance is rich in structures of different kinds: sounds form recurring patterns and morphemes, words form phrases, grammatical functions emerge from morphological and phrasal structure, and patterns of phrases evoke a complex meaning. These structures are distinct but related; each structure contributes to and constrains the structure of other kinds of information. Linear precedence and phrasal organization are related both to the morphological structure of words and to the functional organization of sentences. And the functional structure of a sentencerelations like subject-of, object-of, modifier-of, and so onis crucial to determining what the sentence means.Isolating and defining these structures and the relations between them is a central task of linguistics. . . .Lexical Functional Grammar recognizes two different kinds of syntactic structures: the outer, visible hierarchical organization of words into phrases, and the inner, more abstract hierarchical organization of grammatical functions into complex functional structures. Languages vary greatly in the phrasal organization they allow, and in the order and means by which grammatical functions are realized. Word order may be more or less constrained, or almost completely free. In contrast the more abstract functional organization of languages varies comparatively little: languages with widely divergent phrasal organization nevertheless exhibit subject, object, and modifier properties that have been well-studied by traditional grammarians for centuries.(Mary Dalrymple, John Lamping, Fernando Pereira, and Vijay Saraswat, Overview and Introduction. Semantics and Syntax in Lexical Functional Grammar: The Resource Logic Approach, ed. by Mary Dalrymple. The MIT Press, 1999) C(onstituent)-Structure and F(unctional) StructureLFG contains multiple parallel structures each modeling a different aspect of linguistic structure. The main syntactic structures are (c)onstituent-structure and f(unctional) structure . . .C-structure models the surface syntactic form of language: it is here that surface precedence and dominance relations are encoded. C-structures are phrase-structure trees, characterized by a particular form of X theory . . . designed to accommodate the large amount of phrase structure variation found cross-linguistically, from the relatively strict configurationality of languages like English to the more radically non-configurational languages of Australia. . .C-structures are always base-generated; there is no movement. . . . [T]he effect of movement is achieved by the fact that different c-structure positions can be mapped into the same f-structure via unification.The level of f-structure models grammatical relations. Unlike c-structures, which a re phrase structure keys, f-structures are attribute-value matrices. F-structure attributes may be grammatical functions (e.g. SUBJ, OBJ, COMP, also nonargument functions TOP(IC), FOC(US)), tense/aspect/mood categories (e.g. TENSE), functional nominal categories (e.g. CASE, NUM, GEND), or the predicate (semantic) attribute PRED. . . . The contents of f-structure come from the lexical items of the sentences themselves, or annotations on the nodes of the c-structure linking pieces of c-structure to parts of the f-structure.(Rachel Nordlinger and Joan Bresnan, Lexical-Functional Grammar: Interactions Between Morphology and Syntax. Non-Transformational Syntax: Formal and Explicit Models of Grammar, ed. by Robert D. Borsley and Kersti Bà ¶rjars. Blackwell, 2011) Alternate Spellings: Lexical-Functional Grammar (capitalized)

Gangs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Gangs - Essay Example The latest definition of gangs depicts criminality as an inherent idea in such groupings. Basically, a function is termed a gang when it is identified as having such aspects as; an organizational structure, identifiable territory, identifiable leadership, recurrent interactions. In addition, gangs have been closely linked to serious criminal behaviors that are violent in nature. Information from the Past studies reveals an increased prevalence of gangs’ activities in major cities. For instance, in the past decade, over 25, 0000 active gangs were believed to be in existence in America alone. The reports have indicated a slight decline of gang activities between 1996 and 2003; however by the end of 2010 the yearly estimates realized a significant increase. The latest study indicates an approximation of greater than 29000 gangs, which represents a 4.6% increase from 2009.certainly; this presents the highest yearly estimate since 1997. Gang’s activities exist in smaller in the same manner they exist in suburban counties and larger cities just. However, the latter have been depicted as their primary locations, considered to host nearly two- thirds of the Gangs nationally. Although suburban Counties and larger Cities expectedly accounts for large numbers of gangs, there is also substantial disparity within each area type. Such is the case that 45% of bigger cities and more than half of suburban counties report ten or less active gangs within their jurisdictions. On the other hand, a greater part of agencies in rural counties and smaller cities report less than five gangs. The geographical locations also explain a considerably large variation in the number of gang members reported between 2006 and 2010. The suburban Counties and Bigger cities have been depicted again as reporting large numbers of gangs. Here, one in every five large cities accounted for 1,000 or even more gang members-an estimate deemed higher when compared to one in ten reported in subu rban counties. Gangs have been closely linked to homicide activities. The period between 2000 and 2010 saw an average of 80 percent persons reporting gang-related homicides within their jurisdictions. In this case, the data got from the NYGS sample depicting the period between 2006 to 2010 showed an average of nearly 2,000 annually homicides. In that same time, the FBI anticipated, on average, greater than 16,000 homicides all over America. A further report relating to cities recorded populations of over 100,000persons, showed the number of gang-linked homicides as having increased by approximately 10 % from 2008 to 2009, a similar scenario depicted in the period between 2009 and 2010. Another significant gang related information from the respondents showed crimes ranging from person offenses, drug related crimes and use of fire arms. However, the relative absence of comprehensive and definitive gang-crime data regarding violent and nonviolent crimes indicates that there is so much still to be told on gang crime trends. Gang activities have also been extended to take in street –crime like drug trafficking, extortion and theft. Also, gangs have been shown to undertake victimization of individuals through kidnapping and robbery. A report from the studies conducted depicts street gangs’ dominance in certain â€Å"turf† or territory where they extort people in the name of â€Å"providing protection.† In such cases, they use fronts to display control and gain proceeds in certain areas.

Skills Essential at Various Levels of Management Essay

Skills Essential at Various Levels of Management - Essay Example Sales managers have the task of finding potential clients and developing accurate pitches. Technical skills are considered as indispensable to lower-level managers compared to middle-level and upper-level managers. It is essential for lower-level managers to possess technical skills as they have direct access to the employees (Williams, 2010, p. 22). Technical skills involve hands-on activity on the processes or product in the organization. It plays a significant role in producing products and services of the company (Northouse, 2009, p. 40). Middle-level and upper-level managers are mainly concern with foreseeing the overall operations of the company which requires a different set of skill. Human skills pertain to the abilities that aid the managers in effectively working with peers and subordinates to attain the goals of the organization. These skills are essential in the three levels of management. Although low-level managers communicate with a high number of employees, human skill is regarded as equally indispensable in lower and upper-level managers (Northouse, 2009, p. 41). These skills are manifested through encouraging employees to express their feelings and thoughts. Managers who possess human skills have high self-awareness and ability to understand the feelings of subordinates. These managers are likely to possess high emotional intelligence. Conceptual skills refer to the ability to grasp how each part of the company interact and affect one another and see the company as a whole (Williams, 2010, p. 23). Conceptual skills are considered as unessential for lower-level managers. More and Miller (2010) reiterated that lower-level managers allocate the least amount of time in dealing with concepts and ideas to accomplish objectives of the company (p. 17). They function mainly to execute strategies and policies designed by upper-level managers.

The Decline of the Holy Roman Empire Essay -- Martin Luther, Protestan

The Holy Roman Empire was an empire in central Europe consisting of many territories and ethnicities. Once very powerful, the empire’s authority slowly decreased over centuries and by the Middle Ages the emperor was little more than a figurehead, allowing princes to govern smaller sections of the empire. Though the various ruling princes owed loyalty to the emperor, they were also granted a degree of independence and privileges. The emperor, an elected monarch, needed the allegiance of the princes and other aristocracy to support him, in turn giving them power or money. This tenuous allegiance between powers was greatly strained in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries as religious reform dominated Europe and religious tensions divided the empire. Beginning in the sixteenth century, the empire’s power significantly declined because of the Protestant Reformation. The Reformation split the empire’s states into Protestant and Catholic divisions, straining the peace between territories. Though the relationship between the princes and the emperor had already been tenuous, the princes, seeing the religious divisions, sensed weakness in the empire and further challenged imperial authority. The Holy Roman emperors battled Protestant princes in Germany into the seventeenth century, where tensions were still high from the Reformation and wars of religion – initially contained to the German territories – began to include other territories and states. As more European states joined the conflict, the Holy Roman Empire continued to deteriorate. From the early sixteenth to the mid seventeenth century, the Holy Roman Empire’s power declined greatly because of its internal religious rifts, conflicts (in particular the Thirty Years War, whic... ...> * Crankshaw, Edward. The Habsburgs. New York: Viking, 1971. Print. Greengrass, Mark. The Longman Companion to The European Reformation, C. 1500-1618. London: Longman, 1998. Print. Hsia, R. Po-chia. Social Discipline in the Reformation: Central Europe 1550-1750. London: Routledge, 1989. Print. Linder, Robert Dean. The Reformation Era. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2008. Print. McElwee, W. L. The Reign of Charles V: 1516-1558. London: Macmillan and, 1936. Print. Scribner, Bob. â€Å"Popular Propaganda for the German Reformation.† History Today 1 October 1982: 10-14. Print. â€Å"The Twelve Articles of the Peasants.† 1525. TS. Marxists Internet Archive. The Peasant War in Germany. Web. 11 Nov. 2015. â€Å"Treaty of Westphalia.† 1648. TS. Lillian Goldman Law Library, New Haven. The Avalon Project - Documents in Law, History and Diplomacy. Web. 17 Nov. 2015.

Academic Excellence Guarantees a Successful Life

Academic excellence guarantees a successful life. Do you agree? This topic also has been discussed with my upper six this year and they have written their version of the article. This sample answer shows beside the appropriate approach and language, how ideas should be generated and developed. The bold phrase at the beginning of each paragraph is the main idea, and after the details it is closed with a summary that relates the argument with the topic. No. I simply do not agree that academic excellence guarantees a successful life. If academic excellence means having a degree from a university, and a successful life is where a person is able to get whatever he desires and be happy with it, than there are other elements in life that helps in making life a success. It is obvious that during the last decade, academic qualification does not guarantee jobs for graduates, much to the frustration of the youngsters, who, throughout their university days were hoping for guaranteed posts in government agencies or steady private firms. Thousands were seen applying for jobs that were unpopular before, taking the teaching profession for example, where only a handful were recruited. Graduates without the extra qualities like the desire to move on, motivation, and communications skills will be left out,proving that academic excellence is not the license for a successful life. The blue-collar sector promises bright future for the non performing school students. The vast and rapid development of the various industries in the country, led by the successful automotive sector, has provided jobs for those with skills rather than academic qualification. School leavers with vocational skills, taking automotive as example, see better future compared to their counterparts on the academic line. Thus, it is a common scene nowadays to see mechanics and technicians in the various fields doing well in life, even without academic excellence. Some people who excel in academics do manage to land in secured jobs in the government and corporate giants, and went on to the highest and powerful position. These are the few lucky ones, as in most cases, there are other factors that help determine their success. It is not a secret that cronyism and nepotism are being practised everywhere, much to the dismay of those who depend only on academic qualification. Unless they really stand out with brilliant and extremely noticeable performance, they should be prepared to be ordinary officers up to the day of retirement. This is evidence that excellence in academic alone does not guarantee success. There are also people without academic excellence doing well in business. Through sheer determination and the urge to succeed, plus a little bit of aid from the bank perhaps, people have proven to be successful, earning way more than the salary of chief executives in the corporate sectors. In fact, with a hand from political influences, some are able to secure projects worth millions of ringgits. Would academic excellence be able provide this? To conclude, academic excellence does help comfort a person’s life, securing him a career to earn a living. Nonetheless, it is simply not enough to guarantee that he will be successful in life, as it takes a lot of other factors to achieve it.

Art Analysis Patssi Valdez And Bernard Buffet - 1023 Words

Art is something that can be described and expressed in several different ways to communicate ideas and emotions through visualizations. Through art we are able to see the world like never before. It inspires and motivates us to be creative. We are able to think further and beyond. In addition, art gives us the ability to understand what artists are trying to display and the messages they are trying to convey through their works. Art can be found anywhere and created by anyone (Dewitte, Larmann, and Shields 29-30). Patssi Valdez and Bernard Buffet are two artists that I found at the University of Southern Mississippi Museum of Art. Patssi Valdez is an American Chicana artist born in 1951 in Los Angeles, California. She is capable of many talents in different forms of media such as performance and conceptual art, installations, murals, fashion design, collage, photography and more (â€Å"Search Collections†). She attended Otis College of Art Design and received her B.F.A. in 19 85. She was also a member of the East Los Angeles Chicano artist collective called ASCO (â€Å"Patssi Valdez†). Valdez has received a tremendous amount of awards for her work from many notable organizations, including the J. Paul Getty Trust Fund for the Visual Arts, National Endowment for the Arts, and the Brody Arts Fellowship in Visual Arts (â€Å"Offramp Gallery†). Her artwork can be found in the National Hispanic Center Collection, National Museum of